The Pacific Northwest has one of the highest rates of multiple sclerosis in the world, yet the reasons why remain elusive. It’s an old mystery, but one that now has a new face. Today, doctors are seeing a growing number of cases in kids. They hope these young patients will yield more clues to what causes the disease.
MS is an autoimmune disease that causes nerve damage over time. It’s more common at higher latitudes, and tends to affect more women than men. Eventually, it can impair mobility, vision – even thinking and memory. It’s always been known as a “prime-of-life” disease, one that typically strikes in young adulthood.
For Allexis, now a senior at Central Kitsap High School in Silverdale, that wasn’t the case. She was diagnosed when she was 14 years old.
It started one Friday during the summer two years ago.
“I couldn’t sleep because I had the worst headache,” she said. “Out of a scale of one to 10, it was a 15.” She tried to go for her regular morning run the next day, and things got worse.
“I didn’t even go my entire route, because there was something off – I was tipping over,” she said. “I was, like, falling.”
Even two years later, Allexis’ voice betrayed her disbelief as she recounted the story. Energetic and engaging, she’s one of those strong-willed, high-achieving teens who wasn’t used to being slowed down. Let alone, laid up.
Her parents rushed her to the hospital where a brain scan showed 18 lesions in her brain.
Still, doctors weren’t sure it was MS. The symptoms of MS in young people can be subtle. Doctors sometimes have a hard time determining whether a disease is causing them, or they’re just the result of normal growing pains of childhood, especially puberty.
While brain scans are a good indicator, doctors frequently wait for a recurrence of symptoms to make a definitive diagnosis – multiple sclerosis by definition means multiple attacks on multiple locations in the body.
Within a few weeks, Allexis had a second, even more disabling episode. At that point, she couldn’t walk, or see out of her left eye.
“And then after that, I was slurring,” she said. “I couldn’t talk, so basically, I couldn’t function at all. It was very frustrating.”
This time, doctors were sure Allexis had MS. That put her in the company of a growing group of young people who are living with the disease.
Although doctors don’t know the exact number, current estimates suggest that between 18,000 and 25,000 children nationally either have MS, or have experienced symptoms suggestive of MS – some as young as age five.
[asset-images[{"caption": "Pediatric neurologist Dr. Raymond Ferri in his office at Seattle Children's Hospital. Dr. Ferri is Allexis' physician. ", "fid": "991", "style": "card_280", "uri": "public://201211/Dr Raymond Ferri- Pediatric Neurologist (1 of 2)_0.JPG", "attribution": "Credit Carol Smith"}]]
Childhood triggers
Dr. Raymond Ferri started a pediatric MS clinic at Seattle Children’s Hospital three years ago. It’s among the first in the country to focus on pediatric cases.
“When I started the clinic, I was doing it a half day per month,” he said. “And I’ve had to move it to twice a month.”
Doctors aren’t sure what’s driving the apparent increase. It’s likely partly from improved diagnostic techniques and increasing awareness among pediatricians that MS can occur early in life. But some also think that the growing onslaught of chemical exposures in the environment may be making immune systems more vulnerable to whatever triggers the illness.
“I think adolescents may be at higher risk,” said Dr. Sylvia Lucas, a neurologist at the University of Washington Medical Center, and co-founder of the pediatric clinic at Children’s. Younger patients have immune systems that are still immature, and “as such, may be more susceptible to the effects of food additives, toxins in the air, lack of vitamins,” she said.
The Children’s team is hoping to start a registry of pediatric patients to better track the histories and outcomes of these younger patients, perhaps as soon as next year. There is also a legislative push on a national level to establish a permanent national surveillance system for MS. Such a registry would help scientists pinpoint trends and changes in the epidemiology of the disease.
In particular, having a group of young patients to follow may help them zero in on what might be triggering the disease at younger ages.
[asset-images[{"caption": "Dr. Raymond Ferri's brain. Ferri uses this model to teach his adolescent patients about MS.", "fid": "992", "style": "card_280", "uri": "public://201211/Dr Raymond Ferri- Pediatric Neurologist (2 of 2).JPG", "attribution": "Credit Carol Smith"}]]
So far researchers think that exposure to some type of virus or other environmental trigger during childhood – before approximately age 15 -- is what actually determines a person’s risk of getting MS. And people carry the risk they acquired as children, no matter where they live, as adults.
Having a population of children to follow could prove helpful to unraveling the mystery, said Ferri. For adults, it’s hard to remember back to childhood to what illnesses or other events might have triggered their MS. With kids, those episodes are more recent, and easier to recall.
For Allexis, it’s still unclear what might have triggered the disease. What is clear, is that it’s something she’ll be managing the rest of her life.
Aggressive Disease
Children tend to get “relapsing-remitting” MS, a type that comes and goes. But the rate at which children relapse is much higher than for adults.
“What that does is really put them at risk for severe cognitive and physical disabilities much, much sooner than we could see it in the adult population,” said Lucas. “We have to be much more aggressive in the children than we are now because children are much more likely to have a very inflammatory type of disease.”
Allexis has had to learn to live with the uncertainty that comes with having MS.
“My doctor told me, it’s as if you’re trying to predict earthquakes. You never know,” she said. “And it kind of sucks – because it’s scary.”
She gives herself weekly injections of medication to try to prevent future relapses.
“I’m not gonna lie. There are a lot of times where I get emotional. Like, what happened to me?” she said. “What did I do wrong?”
So far, though, the medication appears to be working. Her symptoms have not progressed, and she’s regained her stamina.
“Right now I think I’m rockin’ it,” she said during a recent visit at her home in Silverdale. “I really do. I mean, it definitely put me in a setback, like a couple of years ago, but I don’t think it affects me now.”
She’s taking a full load of Advanced Placement classes, plays lacrosse, runs cross country and is excited about the prospect of college.
In fact, she’s making steady progress on the giant to-do list she’s painted on her bedroom wall.
“It’s things I’m going to do,” she said, ticking them off for a visitor. “I’m gonna have an adventure. I’m gonna get a scholarship. I’m gonna have a six-minute mile. And one of my favorites is -- get into UW.”
After that, she wants to go to medical school.
“I would love to be a neurologist,” she said.
So who knows?
One day, it could be Allexis herself who unlocks the mystery of MS.
Funding for The Mystery of MS was provided by the KUOW Program Venture Fund. Contributors include Paul and Laurie Ahern, the KUOW Board of Directors and KUOW Listener Subscribers. This series was produced in collaboration with InvestigateWest, a nonprofit investigative newsroom in Seattle.
TOMORROW: Researchers piece together what they know so far about MS and devise new ways to think about treatment.
FOR MORE INFORMATION:
Greater Northwest Chapter of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society
Video from UW TV: “Multiple Sclerosis, from A to Z”